Ueda Map日本語

The Sanada Story — The First Battle of Ueda

Read the councils, battle and aftermath of the First Battle of Ueda in 1585. Historical notes distinguish evidence, later traditions and fictional dialogue.

The dialogue and character staging are fictional or dramatized. The council scenes present a fictional war chronicle; their claims about traps and tactics are not all established historical facts. Later scenes include specific notes on what the sources do and do not confirm.

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The setting

Accounts describe more than 7,000 Tokugawa soldiers facing fewer than 2,000 Sanada defenders. Ueda Castle was still unfinished. Its humble appearance invited contempt, yet it stopped a great army. Earthworks, palisades, town streets, cliffs and rivers shaped Masayuki's hard-fought defense, exploiting familiar terrain and openings in the enemy's ranks.

The war councils — fictional chronicle

Council in the Tokugawa camp
Narrator

In the eighth month of Tensho 13, beneath Shinano's summer sky, seven thousand Tokugawa soldiers filled the Ueda basin. Inside the command tent sat Ieyasu's seasoned hereditary retainers.

Torii Mototada

Well then. What of Ueda Castle, where the Sanada are holed up?

Narrator

The impatient voice belonged to Torii Hikoemon Mototada, effectively the army's senior commander.

Narrator

Fiercely loyal to Ieyasu and intolerant of deceit, this stubborn warrior saw the campaign as mere punishment for an inferior lord. An infantry captain, just returned from scouting, timidly raised his head to report.

Infantry captain

My lord. The castle... is still under construction. There is a little stonework around the gate, but most of the defenses are piled earth. The moats hold no water; they are simply dry trenches.

Infantry captain

The road from the town to the main enclosure is blocked only by hastily built, staggered wooden fences. It hardly seems a position from which to face the mighty Tokugawa.

Narrator

A dry laugh rang through the tent. It came from the young Okubo Hikozaemon Tadataka, later the author of Mikawa Monogatari.

Okubo Tadataka

Did you hear that, brother? A mud bank that scarcely deserves to be called a castle! When I heard that Sanada Awa-no-kami intended to face us warriors of Mikawa, I expected a fortress. Instead, it is a makeshift hut!

Narrator

Hikozaemon turned to his elder brother, Okubo Shichiroemon Tadayo, and shrugged. Tadayo was a veteran commander whose elusive strength had earned praise even from Oda Nobunaga. Stroking his chin, he spoke cautiously.

Okubo Tadayo

Sanada is a cunning man. He has slipped like a fox among the Oda, Uesugi and Hojo. He may have something planned.

Narrator

Torii Mototada snorted at this caution.

Torii Mototada

You think too much, Tadayo. That sly fox cannot see the bigger picture. Even with men borrowed from the Uesugi, the Sanada barely number two thousand—not a third of our strength. And look at that castle!

Torii Mototada

His attachment to Numata made him forget his place and anger Lord Ieyasu. That was the end of him.

Narrator

Mototada struck the table with his command fan and surveyed the gathering.

Torii Mototada

What can a petty lord with less than fifty thousand koku do in a hastily built, unfinished castle? Our men of Mikawa will crush those mud walls in one assault—half a day, at most—and drive straight into the main enclosure!

Narrator

Hiraiwa Kazue-no-kami Chikayoshi, listening quietly beside him, nodded. He had shared Ieyasu's hardships since childhood and trusted absolutely in Tokugawa strength.

Hiraiwa Chikayoshi

Mototada is right. We have faced Takeda cavalry and Oda gunners. Whatever Sanada has prepared, we will break it head-on.

Torii Mototada

Good! We will not even need to wait for sunset!

Narrator

Mototada rose, an arrogant smile of certain victory on his face.

Torii Mototada

We attack through the main gate. I will bring Sanada Masayuki's head to Lord Ieyasu. Men, crush that castle of mud!

Tokugawa commanders

Aye!

Narrator

The Tokugawa commanders' war cry thundered through the tent. They did not yet know...

Narrator

The maze of earthworks and wooden fences they scorned as a shabby, unfinished castle was the deadly trap Masayuki had staked his life on—a pit ready to swallow seven thousand men.

Council in Ueda Castle's main enclosure
Narrator

The eighth month of Tensho 13. In the nearly finished main enclosure of Ueda Castle, Sanada officers burned with urgency and anxiety. As reports of seven thousand approaching Tokugawa troops arrived, those in the headquarters could not hide their unease at the castle before them.

Sanada senior retainer

My lord, do you truly mean to face the Tokugawa here? There is stonework only around the main gate. Most of our defenses are piled earth. And the moats are dry trenches without a drop of water...

Sanada senior retainer

Their cavalry will ride straight up them!

Narrator

A senior retainer pressed his lord with an anxious voice. Seated deep within the main enclosure, Sanada Awa-no-kami Masayuki listened as calmly as if sipping cold rice gruel. His face showed not the slightest fear of the approaching army.

Narrator

Instead, he narrowed his eyes and smiled defiantly.

Sanada Masayuki

Do not worry. It is precisely because the moats are dry and the walls are mud that the Tokugawa will fall.

Narrator

Masayuki tapped the map of Ueda beside him.

Sanada Masayuki

Ieyasu's retainers have destroyed the Takeda and fought the Hojo. Their pride now knows no bounds. They think they can crush a local lord worth less than fifty thousand koku in a single blow. That arrogance will destroy them.

Narrator

Masayuki stood and laid narrow wooden pieces across the map. They represented the staggered fences lining the approaches from the town into the castle.

Sanada Masayuki

When their vanguard arrives, make a show of resistance, open the main gate and draw them into the second enclosure. Eager for glory, they will crowd through the narrow gate, each trying to be first. That is our moment.

Narrator

Masayuki's eyes hardened into those of a ruthless strategist.

Sanada Masayuki

The deep, dry moats will become graves from which they cannot climb. The instant their advance stalls in the maze of fences, fire together from behind the earthworks and from the scattered watchtowers. Rain arrows upon them.

Sanada Masayuki

Drop great stones. Their own men and horses will trample the fleeing soldiers until they cannot move. We will make the entire castle a vast pitfall.

Narrator

Then his eldest son, Sanada Genzaburo Nobuyuki, entrusted with the defense of Toishi Castle, spoke quietly.

Sanada Nobuyuki

Father, when they fall into confusion inside the castle, I will strike from Toishi and attack their flank. We will drive the fleeing Tokugawa toward the swollen Kamikawa.

Sanada Masayuki

Yes, Genzaburo. You understand well.

Narrator

Masayuki nodded with satisfaction.

Sanada Masayuki

The castle is not our only battlefield. Ueda's mountains, rivers and town are all our battle lines. With these mud walls they mock as an unfinished ruin, we will cut down the famed warriors of Mikawa.

Narrator

Anxiety left the assembled officers' faces, replaced by the thrill of battle. In Masayuki's mind, the unfinished castle of mud, earth and wooden fences was already a formidable fortress ready to devour seven thousand enemies.

The struggle for the castle

1. The morning of battle

The eighth month of Tensho 13 (1585).

Tokugawa Ieyasu sent an army to Ueda in Shinano to punish Sanada Masayuki for defying his orders.

The Tokugawa army: more than seven thousand.

Against them, fewer than two thousand Sanada troops.

Torii Mototada

There it is. Ueda Castle.

Okubo Tadataka

Ha! Just as yesterday's scouts reported. Earthworks and dry moats... So this is Masayuki's castle?

Torii Mototada

A fox who can only hide behind walls when seven thousand men approach!

Torii Mototada

Men! By sunset, the Tokugawa flag will fly over that castle!

A mighty war cry rises from the Tokugawa ranks.

Okubo Tadayo

「…………」

Okubo Tadataka

Brother? Still worrying about some Sanada trick?

Okubo Tadayo

Heisuke. Remember this about war. The weaker an enemy looks, the more carefully you must watch.

Okubo Tadataka

That again? Then watch from the rear, brother. I will pierce this Sanada scheme with my spear!

Okubo Tadayo

Do not let your blood run too hot. It will get you killed.

2. The Sanada await the enemy

Messenger

My lord! The Tokugawa army is advancing on Ueda! Their vanguard will soon reach the town!

Sanada Masayuki

I see.

Sanada retainer

My lord! They have seven thousand men! We do not even have two thousand!

Sanada Masayuki

You told me that yesterday.

Sanada retainer

But—!

Sanada Masayuki

Seven thousand or ten thousand... Only one man can cut me down at a time.

Sanada Masayuki

Genzaburo.

Sanada Nobuyuki

Yes, my lord.

Sanada Masayuki

I leave the defense of Toishi to you.

Sanada Nobuyuki

I will watch the enemy and wait for an opening.

Sanada Masayuki

Good. Do not rush to act just because they reach the castle. Watch the battlefield.

Sanada Nobuyuki

When their ranks fall into disorder, we will have our chance.

Sanada Masayuki

Exactly. Act when the moment comes.

Sanada Nobuyuki

Understood.

Historical evidence: Masayuki's eldest son Nobuyuki defended Toishi Castle during the First Battle of Ueda. This conversation and these particular orders are dramatized. Ueda City's cultural heritage material describes Toishi as an important stronghold protecting the rear of Ueda Castle and states that Nobuyuki strengthened its defenses in 1585.

3. The attack on Ueda Castle

The ground rumbles beneath the advancing army.

Tokugawa soldier

Sanada troops! Sanada troops ahead!

Bang! More gunshots follow.

Tokugawa soldier

They are retreating! The Sanada are falling back!

Okubo Tadataka

See that? Forward! Chase them down!

Okubo Tadayo

Wait, Heisuke!

Okubo Tadataka

If we wait, others will take the glory!

Torii Mototada

Never mind that! Press forward!

4. The castle entrance — an imagined reconstruction

Reconstruction: The position, name and structure of Ueda Castle's gate in 1585, and the exact route taken by the Tokugawa attackers, are unknown.

Torii Mototada

Break down the gate! Into the castle!

Thud! Thud! Wood cracks apart.

Tokugawa soldier

We are in! We are inside the castle!

Okubo Tadataka

Ha ha! Brother! Where is that Sanada scheme now?

Okubo Tadayo

「…………」

Okubo Tadataka

What is it?

Okubo Tadayo

Not yet.

5. The second enclosure — victory within reach

Tokugawa soldier

The second enclosure!

Another Tokugawa soldier

We have reached the second enclosure!

Okubo Tadataka

Did you see that, brother? The Sanada are finished!

Torii Mototada

Do not stop! Push through!

Cheers erupt from the Tokugawa troops.

The Tokugawa surged against Ueda Castle— and broke into the second enclosure.

Mikawa Monogatari records: "They pressed upon Ueda Castle and broke into the second enclosure." (Translation)

Tokugawa soldier

Set it alight!

Another Tokugawa soldier

Burn it down!

Shibata Shichikuro

Stop!

Shibata Shichikuro

Do not set fire to it!

Tokugawa soldier

Why, my lord?

Shibata Shichikuro

Look inside!

Shibata Shichikuro

So many of our own men are already in there!

Shibata Shichikuro

If we burn it now—

Shibata Shichikuro

Our men inside will never get out!

Too many attackers are already inside. They cannot even set the castle alight.

6. The castle bares its teeth

Tokugawa soldier

What do we do? Do we keep going?

Another Tokugawa soldier

The men behind us are blocking the way!

A thunderous crash!

Tokugawa soldier

Look out!

Great stones rumble down.

Tokugawa soldier

Above us! Stones!

Mikawa Monogatari describes the Sanada dropping large timbers and stones during the retreat. The positioning and timing in this scene are dramatized and are treated separately from later traditions about staggered palisades.

The Sanada raise a battle cry.

Tokugawa soldier

Fall back!

Tokugawa soldier at the rear

Fall back!? We are still trying to get in!

Tokugawa soldier at the front

The Sanada are coming out! Make way!

Men advancing. Men retreating.

Inside the castle, Tokugawa discipline begins to break down.

7. "We have no ammunition"

Shibata Shichikuro

The guns!

Shibata Shichikuro

Bring the gunners forward!

Shibata Shichikuro

「…………」

Shibata Shichikuro

What are you doing!

Shibata Shichikuro

Bring out the guns!

Shibata Shichikuro

Shichiroemon! Where are the guns?

Okubo Tadayo

「…………」

Okubo Tadayo

"We have no ammunition"

Shibata Shichikuro

What?

Okubo Tadataka

Brother... As for ammunition—

Okubo Tadayo

Heisuke...

Okubo Tadayo

Look.

Okubo Tadataka

「…………」

Okubo Tadayo

It is not the ammunition we lack.

Okubo Tadayo

The men... will no longer advance.

Okubo Tadataka

「…………!」

Okubo Tadayo

Could I say, in front of them all, that they have lost their nerve?

Okubo Tadataka

Brother...

Okubo Tadayo

We withdraw.

Okubo Tadataka

Withdraw!?

Okubo Tadayo

If we stay here, the army itself will be destroyed.

8. Masayuki decides to counterattack

A little earlier, in the main enclosure—

Messenger

My lord! The Tokugawa have reached the second enclosure!

Sanada retainer

The second enclosure!? My lord!

Messenger

The Tokugawa... They have stopped inside the castle!

Sanada Masayuki

They have stopped?

Messenger

Yes, my lord!

Sanada Masayuki

Then... it is our turn.

Sanada retainer

Shall we move out?

Sanada Masayuki

Drive them back.

Sanada Masayuki

Do not become obsessed with taking heads. Break their ranks.

Sanada Masayuki

Seven thousand fighting as one are formidable. But once each man starts running for himself, they are only a crowd.

Dramatization: No historical source confirms that Masayuki spoke these words. Nor has evidence been established that drawing the Tokugawa into the second enclosure was his plan from the outset.

9. The tide turns

Inside the castle, the retreat was spreading to Torii's troops.

Sanada shouts ring out.

Tokugawa soldier

Behind us!

Another Tokugawa soldier

Fall back!

Another Tokugawa soldier

Do not push! The way behind us is blocked!

Okubo Tadataka

Brother! This is—!

Okubo Tadayo

Hold together! Keep your ranks as you withdraw!

Torii Mototada

Halt!

Torii Mototada

Warriors of Mikawa, do not turn your backs!

Torii Mototada

Halt! I said halt!

Victory and defeat

10. Nobuyuki at Toishi Castle

Scout

Young lord! The Tokugawa are beginning to withdraw from Ueda Castle!

Sanada Nobuyuki

Not yet.

Scout

But if we miss this chance—

Sanada Nobuyuki

Do not rush. They still hold their formation.

Scout

Young lord! Torii's ranks have broken too!

Sanada Nobuyuki

Now.

Sanada Nobuyuki

We move out.

Retainer

Yes, my lord!

Sanada Nobuyuki

Strike their flank. Do not pursue too far. Breaking their formation is enough.

Established evidence: Nobuyuki defended Toishi Castle during the First Battle of Ueda. Reconstruction: the precise timing, dialogue and route of this sortie are dramatized.

11. The warriors of Mikawa fall apart

The pounding of retreating men and horses.

Tokugawa soldier

Fall back! The Sanada are coming!

Another Tokugawa soldier

Torii's men are retreating too!

Okubo Tadataka

Brother! What are you doing? We must withdraw!

Okubo Tadayo

Heisuke...

Okubo Tadataka

What!

Okubo Tadayo

At this rate, this will not be a retreat.

Okubo Tadayo

It will be a rout.

12. The golden swallowtail

Okubo Tadayo

Okubo Shichiroemon Tadayo stands here!

Okubo Tadayo

All who have scattered, rally to my flag!

Tokugawa soldier

It is Lord Shichiroemon!

Another Tokugawa soldier

Rally to that flag!

Okubo Tadataka

Damn it... I cannot let my brother take all the glory.

Okubo Tadataka

Okubo Heisuke is here! Anyone who can still hold a spear, come back!

Amid the disintegrating Tokugawa army, the Okubo troops gathered scattered soldiers and held their ground.

13. The Kamikawa River

In later accounts, this battle also became known as the Battle of Kamikawa.

Many retreating Tokugawa soldiers drowned in the Kamikawa— and Masayuki had supposedly dammed the river upstream, releasing the water at the right moment.

Such traditions have also survived.

However, the account of the Ueda battle in Mikawa Monogatari examined for this production does not confirm an attack in which Masayuki breached a dam on the Kamikawa.

14. Victory and defeat

Sanada retainer

My lord. The Tokugawa are withdrawing.

Sanada retainer

Shall we pursue them?

Sanada Masayuki

No.

Sanada retainer

But now we could—

Sanada Masayuki

The castle still stands.

Sanada Masayuki

That is enough.

Messenger

A report, my lord! Lord Genzaburo is safe!

Sanada Masayuki

I see.

Sanada Masayuki

Then... a fine day's work.

15. The night of the defeated

Okubo Tadataka

Brother...

Okubo Tadayo

What is it?

Okubo Tadataka

This morning... I thought it would fall in half a day.

Okubo Tadayo

「…………」

Okubo Tadataka

That castle... What was it?

Okubo Tadayo

Remember this, Heisuke.

Okubo Tadataka

Remember what?

Okubo Tadayo

This day.

Okubo Tadayo

We remember more from the battles we lose than from those we win.

16. Epilogue

The First Battle of Ueda

The Tokugawa failed to capture Ueda Castle.

Sanada Masayuki held Ueda Castle while it was still being built. According to Ueda City, construction began in 1583 and the castle reached an initial state of completion around September 1585, when the first battle took place. The city describes fewer than two thousand Sanada troops repelling more than seven thousand Tokugawa soldiers.

"They pressed upon Ueda Castle and broke into the second enclosure." —Mikawa Monogatari (translation)

Chapter One The First Battle of Ueda — End

Sources and production references